Heres What I Know About Essay Topics for Upsc Mains

Here's What I Know About Essay Topics for Upsc Mains The Essay Topics for Upsc Mains Stories It's to be mentioned that the CSAT exam is a qualifying paper and the marks won't be added for the last ranking. The CSAT examination is easily cracked when you have prepared for banking exams. Prelims are a gateway to the most important exam. The candidates who score over the cut-off in the very first stage (Prelims) of the IAS exam is only going to be qualified for the Mains. It is worth it to read great magazines. It is a rather excellent book and gives number of topics that are important for mains 2018. A typical dictionary for reference needs to be kept handy while preparation. Look all what content you'll be able to recall. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. It is imperative to return to the answers you may have prepared. Click the ORDER NOW button and complete the form. Start your UPSC exam preparation by going through the various sets of earlier years questions. This can only be reached through a dependable and quality support. It will get clear about what things to study and what not. You also have to take mock tests on a normal basis. If you do this, you are not going to get the wanted marks. This title will get someone who wishes to learn. Make sure you have plenty of time for revision. Give sufficient time for revision too. The majority of the essay topics are picked form the present affairs. It is all about putting into beautiful words, our thoughts and ideas. Essay writing strategies for upsc mains essay ought to be organized in well-structured paragraphs coherent with the stream of the essay. Spontaneous Essay Spontaneous essay doesn't involve brainstorming in the start. Great introduction and excellent conclusion are must. Joy is the easiest type of Gratitude 5. Empowerment alone can't help our women. Poverty anywhere is a danger to prosperity everywhere 4. Issues regarding poverty and hunger. Candidate must compose an essay on a particular topic. Candidates will have to compose an essay on a particular topic. They may be required to write essays on multiple topics. Remember it's a General Essay Paper and you shouldn't be highly technical. Justice must get to the poor 2. On-line price is a little high. Our site provides custom writing help and editing aid. By keeping our writing at the greatest possible level we've achieved a high rate of consumer retention. If you've got to use the very same word at various places, replace the typical word with a new word meaning the exact same. Fortunately our team is made up of professional writers which possess the capability to create remarkable content for you. Analyze your role and duties, together with an ideal plan of action. Consequently, value your time and take pleasure in the training. Fundamentally, an essay is intended to receive your academic opinion on a specific issue. But unfortunately assignments aren't confined to limited ideas you have to do lots of research that is a hectic undertaking. This is definitely the most important factor in regards to essays.

Chicago Value Company Case - 1129 Words

1. Explain the inputs into 1) the net initial investment outlay at year 0, the initial investment $200,000 which include taxes and delivery, and the cost to install the equipment $12,500. The total net cost $212,500. 2) The depreciation tax savings in each year of the projects economic life, this will show how much the tax savings will be depreciated each year using the MACRS method 3) the projects incremental cash flows? This shows the company profit for each of the eight years. Net Cost MACRS Tax Rate Depreciation Tax Savings $ 212,500 0.20 $ 42,500 40% $ 17,000 $ 212,500 0.32 $ 68,000 40% $ 27,200 $ 212,500 0.19 $ 40,375 40% $ 16,150 $ 212,500 0.12 $†¦show more content†¦5. What is the project s MIRR? The project is 13.24% What is the difference between the IRR and MIRR? The IRR is 16.20% Which is better? Why? The between the MIRR and IRR Ââ€" the IRR for the cash flows for each year are determine from the rate based on the present value. The MIRR the future value based on the initial investment determines the rate. The MIRR is better because have an expected rate of return. N I Present Value PMT Future Value 0 11 -36000 0 $ 36,000.00 1 11 -36000 0 $ 39,960.00 2 11 -41100 0 $ 50,639.31 3 11 -45350 0 $ 62,022.07 4 11 -46200 0 $ 70,134.85 5 11 -52150 0 $ 87,875.78 6 11 -63200 0 $118,210.20 7 11 -53000 0 $110,036.49 $574,878.70 6. Suppose a potential customer wants to know the projects for profitability index (PI). What is the value of the PIU of Lone Star, and what is the rationale behind this measure? Profitability Index = PI Present Value of Future Cash Flow over Initial Cost = 212500 + 36944 = 249,455 over Initial Cost 212,500 equal 1.173 for every $1 invested in the project, the total value created is 1.173. Therefore the Chicago Valve Company has a net profit of 1.173 Ââ€" 1=$0.173 per every dollar invested. 7. Under what conditions do NPV, IRR, MIRR and PI all leads to the same accept/reject decision? If the projects are independent accept both. When can conflicts occur? If a conflict arises,Show MoreRelatedTootsie Roll Qa831 Words   |  4 Pages How does Tootsie Roll Industries (TRI) communicate its values to suppliers and employees? TRI uses a top-down method, which in some cases can alienate lower leveled employees. TRI has implemented a few different programs to encourage accessibility, teamwork, and open communication. The company’s â€Å"open door policy,† allows for employees to observe and participate in the decision-making process throughout all departments. The company also established cross-functional teams, which increasesRead MoreEssay about PWC Corporate Social Responsibility 1469 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibility of multinational and national companies there days. Various books have been written detailing the right approach to the problem covering different perspectives. 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Negligence of Governing Factors †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Negligence of Governing Factors. Answer: Introduction There are five elements which results in the formation of a contract. The same are offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity of the parties and the consideration to support the contract and to make it enforceable[1]. When a valid contract is made amid the parties, then, the parties are obligated to fulfill the terms of the contract. If any of the parties to the contract does not comply with the contract terms, then, such action is regarded as the breach of the contract. Once a breach is incurred then the defaulting party must face the consequences that are established by the parties in the contract.[2] But, there are situations wherein the parties desire to limit or restrict their obligations which might occur because of the breach of their respective obligations. This can be done by availing the benefits of exemption/exclusion clauses. But, there are rules which are framed for the incorporation of an exclusion clause and to make it valid. Thus, it is important to first understand the very basic meaning of an exclusion clause. When the parties try to limit, exclude or transfer the liability of the party which is established under the contract, then, the same can be done by availing the benefits of exclusion clauses. Initially, the concept of exclusion clauses were not treated in a very friendly manner, rather, the approach of the courts was very hostile in nature and special rules were made regarding its validity. But, with the coming of the leading case of Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Australia Pty Ltd[3], the exclusion clause is now considered and treated in an ordinary context considering the contract as a whole.[4] Basically, when the parties try to exclude or limit the liability of one of the party to the contract with the approval of another party on the happening of some pre-decided or contingent event, then, such clause is called an exclusion clause[5]. Normally, the exclusion clause is interpreted against the party who is trying to avail its benefit and thus imposing the burden of proff on the relying party to establish its validity. While analyzing the validity of the clause the courts do consider few factors, such as, bargaining power of the parties, the element of unconscionability, etc,. For instance if an exclusion clause is found to be unjust then as per the Contracts Review Act 1980 (NSW), the court has the power to deny the enforcement of the clause which is made part of the contract.[6] However, it is now important to understand the factors which will make any exclusion clause valid in a contract. Incorporation of an exclusion clause in a contract is not the only tasks that make it valid; however, there are various factors that must be considered. Thus, the validity of an exemption clause in a contact is analyzed herein under. Validly of an exemption clause in contracts Many a times, the contracting parties incorporated an exclusion clause as part of the contract in order to limit or exclude the liabilities of the parties that may arise because of the contractual breach or negligence of the parties. However, such clauses are valid provide they are validly incorporated and interpreted. The same is discussed herein under[7]: The clause must be incorporated validly When the contracts are signed When any exclusion clause is made part of the contract then, the same is presumed to be made part of the contract provided it is incorporated by the parties through signature. It is a settled law and is held in L'Estrange v Graucob[8], that when booth the parties establishes a contract in written form and put their signatures on the same, then, they are bound by the terms of the contract irrespective of the facts whether the terms are read by the parties or not. If an exclusion clause is made part of the contract and is not read by the parties, still, it is binding upon the parties because the document is signed by them. But, if any misrepresentation is made by one of the party while incorporating the clause, then, the clause can be rendered to be ineffective and is held in Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co[9]. When the contract is not signed When any exclusion clause is made part of the document which is not signed by the parties, then, the clause attain validity provided the party who is relying on the clause must have given reasonable notice to the said effect to the affecting party. The basic essentials are: That the clause must not be made part of any receipt, but, must be incorporated in a document which has the contractual effect, that is, wherein a reasonable person can predict that the document might contain such terms which may be bound upon the parties and is held in Parker v SE Railway Co[10] and Chappleton v Barry UDC[11]. That the relying party must brought the clause in the knowledge of the affecting party before the formation of the contract or at the time of the formation of contract. If the term is incorporated after the contract formation, then, such clause has no validity and is held in Olley v Marlborough Court[12]. When one party is incorporating an exclusion clause in an unsigned contract, then, it is the duty of the relying party that he must make reasonable efforts to bring the clause within the notice of the other party and is held in Thompson v LMS Railway[13]. There is no requirement of any actual notice; the only requirement is give reasonable notice. Many a times, contracts are made amid the parties not in the form of any signed or unsigned documents, but, because of course of dealings, that is, when the parties are in business relations and is complying with the terms with a passage of time and is held in McCutcheon v MacBrayne[14]. There should be present of significant number of past transactions in order to make any action to fall within the preview of course of dealings and is held in Hollier v Rambler Motors[15]. The exclusion clause can also be considered to be binding upon the parties through trade or custom and is held in British Crane Hire v Ipswich Plant Hire[16]. The next element that is required to make any exclusion clause to be validly incorporated in the contract is that the clause must cover the breach. Now, when the courts are settled on the point that the exclusion is made part of the contract, then, the liability of any party can be excluded or can be limited provided that the exclusion clause must have covered the breach that is incurred amid the parties. If the contractual breach occurred but is not covered by the clause then no liability can be excluded. The breach is considered to be covered by the clause is when: The clause is not clear and does not able to define the breach, then, the clause is interpreted against the party who will benefit from the same and is held in Houghton v Trafalgar Insurance Co[17]. If any liability which may arise because of negligence is to be excluded, then it was held in White v John Warwick[18], that the wording of the clause must be very clear; If the exclusion clause is not in compliance with the main contract, then, the clause is considered to be invalid and does not cover the breach and is held in Evans Ltd v Andrea Merzario Ltd[19]. Thus, these are the fundamental factors then can only make any exclusion clause to be validly incorporated in the contract. If the above rules are not comply with then the exclusion clause as part of the contract is considered to be invalid in law. Now, it is important to understand the general factors which must be kept in mind which results in the validity of an exclusion clause. Factors that govern the validity of exclusion clause After understanding all the relevant rules which must be followed to make any exclusion clause valid and in compliance with the contract in which it is incorporated, there are few factors which govern the general validity of an exclusion clause. The same is submitted herein under:[20] Every exclusion clause which is made part of the contract, whether the contract is written or not, signed or unsigned, there is one basic rule which submits that such a clause must be made part of the clause after giving reasonable notice to the affecting party. The reasonable notice must be provided before the formation of the contract. If any notice is provided by the relying party to the affecting party after the formation of the contract, then it has no relevance ad is rightly held in Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd[21]. The second most important factor that results in making any exclusion clause valid is that such a clause must not be contrary to any law. If the clause is against the provisions of any statue then the clause is in itself is invalid. Also, every exclusion clause if intends to provide any safeguard against any act of negligence then the same is considered to be valid only when the clause clearly specifies the acts of negligence and that the parties intent to exclude the liability which arise because of negligence; Thus, these are some of the governing factors that must be kept in mind before the formation and incorporation of an exclusion clause in the contract. Now, it is important to analyze the effectiveness of the exclusion clause in the Australian Consumer law. Effectiveness of Exclusion clause in Australian Consumer Law The Australian Consumer Law is a law that is established in Australia in order to carry on fair trading and to provide protection to the consumers. On 1st January 2011, the Australian Consumer Law was commenced. The Australian Consumer Law is mainly enforced and administered by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (Schedule 2)).[22] There are various provisions that are incorporated in the Australian Consumer Law which deals with the validity of the exclusion clauses. The same are submitted herein below[23]: As per section 64A of the Australian Consumer Law, any implied warranties and conditions, and the remedies and the rights which are established under the Australian Consumer Law cannot be excluded at any cost. If any exclusion clause is incorporated which is violation of section 64A will be considered as void. If the term is incorporated by any company then such company can be held liable for prosecution; Every service which is provided to any consumer must be catering with all due care and skill. If any exclusion clause is incorporated which hampers in serving this service is prohibited under section 60 of Australian Consumer Law. Any such clause is considered to be invalid and void; When any goods are supplied to the consumers and such goods are not in compliance with the implied conditions that are mentioned under the Australian Consumer Law, then, the consumer has the right to return the goods and seek refund from the supplier under section 261 of the Australian Consumer Law. Conclusion It is thus concluded that exclusion clause is a very important clause that is normally relied upon by the parties in order to exclude or limit their liabilities. But, any exclusion clause is considered to be valid only when the same is incorporated in the contract with notice, is not illegal and must cover the acts which it intends to exclude. Reference List Coorey, A,Australian Consumer Law 2015, LexisNexis Butterworths. Gillies, P, Business Law 2004, Federation Press. Gibson, A Fraser, D Business Law 2014 2013, Pearson Higher Education AU. McKendrick, E Liu, Q, Contract Law: Australian Edition 2015, Palgrave Macmillan. Latimer, P. Australian Business Law 2012 2012, CCH Australia Limited. British Crane Hire v Ipswich Plant Hire [1974] QB 303. Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805. Chappleton v Barry UDC [1940]. Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Australia Pty Ltd(1986) 161 CLR 500. Evans Ltd v Andrea Merzario Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 1078. Hollier v Rambler Motors [1972] 2 AB 71. Houghton v Trafalgar Insurance Co (1954). L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394. McCutcheon v MacBrayne [1964] 1 WLR 125. Olley v Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532. Parker v SE Railway Co (1877) 2 CPD 416. Thompson v LMS Railway [1930] 1 KB 41. Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971). White v John Warwick [1953] 1 WLR 1285. Dangeloloegal, Validity of exclusion clause in contract law 2017 https://www.dangelolegal.com.au/news/validity-exclusion-clauses-contract-law/. (accessed on 3rd MAy 2017). The law Teacher, Exclusion and limiting clause 2017 https://www.lawteacher.net/lecture-notes/contract-law/exclusion-clauses-lecture.php (accessed on 3rd May 2017). The law hand book, Australian consumer law 2017 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s06s01.php (accessed on 3rd May 2017)

WORKSHEET Essays - Aquatic Ecology, Littorinidae, Oceanography

WORKSHEET: Research question and investigation plan Weight: 5% of your final Biology 140 grade Word count: N/A Due date: end of Lab 5; i.e.: _______________ (by email to your Lab Instructor) Lab section: A2Research animal: Littorina spp. Names of group members Respective contri butions to this worksheet (see step 12) Patrick Inputting answers on worksheet, "how does the factor vary in the animal's natural habitat" Lucia Question 2a Kimberly Question 2b Kyle " Description o f the natural habitat of animal" In your group, brainstorm and select a behavioural response that you would like to investigate in Labs 7 and 8. Your group should ensure that the selected response is: relevant for the animal in its natural environment; measurable in the Biology 140 lab. After considering the criteria above, write down the behavioural response that your group wants to investigate: Movement and speed a. Have two group members work together to find one primary or secondary literature source that reports an investigation of the same response/behaviour as you will investigate, either for your research animal or for a closely related species. What did the researchers find? Record the full reference using Harvard style format: The researchers found that the topographic complexity of the substratum does indeed influence the movements of the intertidal sea snail (Littorina spp). The snails moved further on a less complex surface (Underwood Chapman 1989). b. Meanwhile, the other two group members should work together to find reliable information about the importance of the behavioural response for the survival of your animal (or a closely related species). Based on the information that you found, how is the response/behaviour that you will investigate important to your animal's survival? Record Harvard-style in-text citations and a reference list. Movement is significant to Littorina spp. to ensure a higher chance of survival. Evidence is shown within academic articles such as Janet Koprivnikar's Effects of temperature, salinity, and water level on emergence of marine cercariae, and Christopher D.G. Harley's The introduction of LIttorina littorea to British Columbia, Canada. Koprivnikar states that when temperatures fluctuate, in our case increases, marine cercariae react by moving, or hiding within their shells. The snails tended to hide when temperatures increased, and while proven to not be as fast as other marine snails is why these snails tend to hide rather than run (Christopher Harley 2013). In both Koprivnikar and Harley's articles, salinity is an important factor that affects the snails. The Littorina spp. seem more lively, and active when salinity levels are elevated. The Littorina spp. has a range of tolerance for salinity, from the low salinity level here in Vancouver, and the higher salinity levels. Although, they tolerate the low salinity levels, the snails prefer much higher salinity levels Evaluate how well your selected behavioural response fits the criteria listed in step 1. Use the information found in the literature (step 2), as well as your experience working with your research animal in Lab 4, to decide whether the behavioural response is appropriate. If it is not, you will have to choose a different response and repeat the steps 2a and 2b. The response is valid and fits the criteria listed in question 1. How will you measure this behaviour/response in the lab? What units will you use to measure this response/behaviour? Using a plexiglass cover on top of each container and trace the snails movement from an overhead view with a dry erase marker, then measure the total distance travelled using a string and tape measurer and calculate the average velocity. Standard SI units for distance and time. (meters and seconds). Write the behavioural response that you will be studying in the center of the 3x3 grid below: Light Rugosity Type of substratum Biotic presence of other animals Response: Movement and speed Salinity Temperature Exposure ph As a group, brainstorm eight factors that might affect your animal's response in its natural environment. Each group member should contribute one or two factors. At this stage, feel free to be creative and consider anything reasonable that comes to mind. Then, write the eight factors in the eight outside squares of the 3x3 grid above. In order to conduct your laboratory investigation, you will need to manipulate (vary) the factor in a controlled manner. Consider each of the factors that you wrote in the 3x3

Medicare Ambulatory Paymant System Essay Example

Medicare Ambulatory Paymant System Essay Example Medicare Ambulatory Paymant System Paper Medicare Ambulatory Paymant System Paper Ambulatory payment system commonly referred to as the Ambulatory Payment Category (APC) was adopted by the United States government in order to facilitate easy, faster and convenient outpatient services for the Medicare program. The federal government through it budget act of 1997, it established a new program under the major medical cover that takes care of the old people to create what is called Outpatient Prospective payment system abbreviated as OPPS. This method is only applicable to hospitals and that physicians could get their payment through other means like the current procedural terminology. The Ambulatory payment category usually come to use when a patient is discharged from the hospital’s emergency department or clinic or get a transfer to another health facility which is not allied to the hospital of origin where the patient was initially treated as an outpatient. Basically the ambulatory payment system begun as a federal government’s initiative and have gained popularity in that the state programs like Medicaid is also considering adoption of the same method. If these programs keep on succeeding, definitely the third part insurance companies in the healthcare system may also adopt it. Establishment The balanced budget act of the year 1997 (BBA) section 4523 gives authority and allows CMS to execute the prospective payment system which operated under the Medicare program and servicing the outpatients. This act was modified in 1999 and all the services that are paid under this prospective payment system are categorized into various groups which are termed as ambulatory payment classifications (APC’s). Generally all the services in the ambulatory payment system have comparable resource requirement and are identical or clinically similar. Services in each APC are reimbursed according to the services provided by the hospital and the hospitals could be paid for more than one APC for a single encounter (Medicare 1998). The modification of the section 4523 of balanced budget led to changes in the method of determining the beneficiary coinsurance for the services provided under the prospective payment system. In essence a coinsurance amount is calculated for every APC depending on the 20% of the national median payment for services in the APC. The coinsurance amount remains constant with any changes until the time when the amount becomes 20% of the total APC reimbursement. The act also provides that not amount of coinsurance would be greater than the yearly deductibles of the hospital inpatient. The two amounts, that is APC payment and coinsurance will be adjusted to indicate the geographic salary variation by use of the hospital age index and the assumption that the part of the payment or coinsurance that is attributed to labor is 60% (Hyman 2005). The proposed changes in the medical program of the United States targets to the Medicaid and Medicare programs since they major bodies that are concerned with healthcare coverage for the old who generally cannot afford a health insurance (third party coverage) US Division of the Federal Register. (2005). The federal operates the Medicare program and it’s the main source of the transformation initiative. Under this, the payment rates in following sections of Medicare will be transformed; payment rates for 2009, ambulatory surgical center 2009, hospital conditions of participation etc. The Previous Medicare Payment System There are three basic methods by which the citizens of the United States take care of their medical bill and they are; Medicare program, Medicaid program and the third party cover by insurance companies. It is estimated that the hospitals in the US receive over thirty percent of their revenue from the Medicare program. Most of the payments made directly to the hospitals by the program come from the inpatient cases and this is approximated to be about 88% while the rest covers the outpatients (Medicare 1998). The method used by the Medicare to cover expenses by the inpatient is as follows, there several disease conditions which are categorized as the diagnosis related groups (DRGs) there are about 600 cases in the groups and the Medicare only pays flat rates for a single hospital session. Each DRG is assigned certain weight and to compute the actual fee to be paid in each of the DRGs for a specific year, the DRGs relative payment weight is multiplied by the monetary exchange factor of that particular year is dollars. The value obtained is further adjusted in accordance to the variations in the labor cost of that region and of other facility inputs and for the local factors that could result in variations in the price of providing care(Hyman 2005). In order to take care of the complicated cases whose resources use significantly excesses that foreseen in the closest DRG, the system gives the outlier imbursement that in principle are meant to imply the estimates by the hospital for providing the extra supplies and services employed. The DRG weight that are being used were initially (since early 1980s) based on the relative average expenses of cases in the DRG’s. Some changes have been made to the calculation including average standardized, paid expenses for all cases that fall into each DRG in the recent Medicare records. The DRGs have since then been adjusted based on the standard, paid expenses of for all the cases that are covered under each of the DRGs in the current Medicare documents (Cleverley Cameron 2006). The outpatients initially compensated the hospital in a retrospective manner for the allowable, costs incurred for which the owners of the Medicare were supposed to make co-payments. These payments increased considerably since the early 1980s and by 1997 they were about 50% of the whole amount of healthcare expenses for the outpatient services. This called for some intervention and in 1997; a balanced budget act was established to drive the Medicare into controlling the apparently inflationary, full cost compensation system with a new one that would adopt a prospective cost schedule, and that the basic unit for the payment would be a specific service or procedure (Hyman 2005). This schedule was meant to be effected in the new millennium. In its efforts to develop new fee calendar, Medicare had to package as much as reasonable the whole set of supplies and services linked with main procedure into one large group. The groups were to contain the main processes that are clinically comparable and used equivalent amount of resources. These groupings were done according to the ambulatory payment categorization (APC) that was designed by researchers in the health services study and investigation undertakings. These APC’s are still developing and expanding as the Medicare program attains greater heights of knowledge and experience as well as with the advent of new technologies (Medicare 1998). Similar to the DRG system that is used in the inpatient system to pay hospital bills, APC dollar amount is also derived by multiplication of the relative cost weight of the specific APC (founded on the median of the particular APC) by a monetary exchange factor. Additional adjustments are made by considering aspects like cost of facilities, salaries and other factors that contribute to the cost of outpatient medication. The Medicare system is very complicated, partly because of the government’s involvement to regulate the operations of the system and ensuring fairness, responsibility, and meeting the social objectives. Most of the critics of the program overlook the fact that these obligations are a driving force to the public medical service and a challenge to the privatized medical care services (Hyman 2005). Nonetheless, the myriad of distinct imbursement schemes for the United States private insurance companies are complicated as well, by the global standards and mostly still founded on paper claims. The Transformations Last year there were announcements by the Medicare program about the new rule to increase the reimbursement rate for hospital outpatient sections and the ambulatory surgical departments by 3% throughout 2009 however those that do not comply with the new quality reporting regulation will see that pay rate increase only by one percent. It’s generally the first time that the services provided by the Medicare program are correlated to the quality of the services. The Medicare intends to entrench a culture of cautious purchasing of medical services from hospitals not based on the quantity alone but also quality and this would be in effect by the strict observance of the rule builds on transforming the program. Researches in the medical sector trends have indicated that more people prefer the outpatient settings as opposed to the inpatient service. For this reason, the center for Medicare administrator (CMS), Kerry Weems last year declared that Medicare would commit itself to work in conjunction with the hospital so as to make sure that their clients (people with Medicare) get the best quality of healthcare and in proper settings(Medicare 1998). The proposed changes for the year 2009 are meant to allow the hospital more fluidity in their operations so that management of the resources is improved and also give them the incentive to enhance the effectiveness where both beneficiaries and citizens (taxpayers) get the best worth for their healthcare expenses. The proposed rule to start operation in 2009 will ensure that there are up to date rates of payment in both the outpatient prospective payment system and ambulance surgery center prospective system (ASC-PPS) which would operational in the second year would seek to put in the same category the ASC rates and ambulatory payment classification groups that are currently used for reimbursement of the outpatient hospital department. The new rule will also address the 3% update on inflation rate per year to Medicare payment rates for most services that would be paid by the outpatient prospective payment system to an excess of over 4,000 hospitals and community mental healthcare centers in Calendar Year 2009. There are more changes in the in the new proposed changes to take care of the outpatient services provided by general acute care hospitals, community mental care facility, inpatient psychotherapy amenities, long-term acute care hospitals, pediatric hospital and cancer hospitals(Medicare 1998). The centre for Medicare and Medicaid projected that hospitals in the United States would receive about $28. 7 billion in Calendar Year 2009 for services provide to people who have Medicare coverage. In addition to that, center for Medicare and Medicaid will pay about $ 3. 9 billion in the year 2009 to over five thousand people who operate ambulatory surgery center program with Medicare. This is a major improvement in the health care sector since in the past years; the payment of the outpatient services was not in accordance with the quality of healthcare provided (Cleverley Cameron 2006). In the new preview, the proposed changes will demand that the outpatient prospective payment system updates be cut down by at least 2% for hospitals which do not comply with the quality reporting demands. For the reports to be fully informative and up to date, for the services provided in the year 2009, the hospitals will be required by the new law to give reports of the year 2008 on seven quality dimension of emergency department and pre-operative surgical procedures. Initially the seven dimensions were not strictly considered because of laxity but the new CMS has introduced four new dimensions of imaging effectiveness to the seven presented value measures for reason that it would useful for 2010 updates. CMS also intends to introduce public comment on other quality measures in sectors like the testing for the probable risk of cancer. Center for Medicare and Medicaid services seeks to improve and reinforce the program and enhance association between the value of care and Medicare imbursement, by obtaining public comment on the various options and contemplations for transforming payment methods for offering treatment to the conditions that are basically preventable if the practitioner follows the established guidelines. Currently, the center for Medicare and Medicaid is working on a policy implementation strategy to offer a similar change to the inpatient services as provided for by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. Under such regulations, the CMS will not make high payment rates to the hospitals for the giving treatment to various disease conditions which are predetermined to be realistically preventable as provided in the guidelines when they are attained during the patient’s stay in the hospital. For this, the hospitals will have an incentive to provide quality healthcare by following the guidelines already in place to cut down the number of cases that get infected by preventable conditions that occur as a consequence of the treatment (Medicare 1998). When these changes are fully followed and strictly observed, then the healthcare will have attained that status that one can comfortably say that it is reliable and of good quality services. Proposed Changes for Imaging Services There are instances when several imaging services are provided in one session, the CMS is also seeking to promote greater effectiveness by changing its way of making such payments for the multiple services in one sitting. This means that CMS will only make single imbursement for the multiple imaging services of a specific type for instance several ultrasound processes done in one session in the healthcare facility. Apart from the ultrasound processes, CMS will also include other services like the magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computer Tomography scans (CT-scans). The proposal also covers the changes that have to be used to enhance the accuracy of healthcare cost estimates which are used to set up prices for drugs and biologically active substances, United States Division of the Federal Register. (2005). Medical Cost Decrease According the statement by the management of Medicare program, the amount of expenses that the Medicare beneficiary would pay for the outpatient will decrease depending on the strategy put in place by the Medicare regulation which will translate to gradual changeover to 20% coinsurance. Before the implementation of the changes in outpatient prospective payment system (OPPS) for the year 2000, those serviced by Medicare used to take care of about 20% of the hospitals expenses instead of the 20% of the Medicare charges for services given to outpatients(Hyman 2005). Since the medical cost in hospital rose at a faster rate compared to the Medicare coverage for the same services, the Medicare beneficiaries share usually got beyond 50% of the whole amount paid to the hospital for the services. In the estimates made by the CMS analysts, about 25% of all the services that would be provided to the outpatients will be subjected to 20% coinsurance in the year 2009 cutting down from the 23% that was being used in 2008. The Benefits The anticipated transformation in the handling of the outpatient under the Medicare program is expected to bring about some uneasy feelings and also different reactions for different people. However most will agree that it will provide a very effective tool for the management to ensure that the management is efficient and also initiate responsibility and as a result, the profitability of the facilities will increase (Medicare 1998). The introduction of the Diagnosis Related Grouper (DRGs) for the compensation of the inpatients in 1983 was also faced with so much resistance with many critics insinuating that it would be a flop and the prospective payment would result in more problems. Contrary to the prediction of the critics, there were so many improvements in the superseding years in the overall operating margins for the inpatient services in most of the hospitals according to data from American Hospital Association. A similar improvement is anticipated in the year 2009 onwards in the outpatient services which will give the owners a lot of convenience and great assistance. The managers in particular will have a succinct data structure of management which will translate to efficiency because this is a very important tool for addressing product line concerns (Cleverley Cameron 2006). The information obtained will be used for the evaluation of the outpatient services, to practice expense regulation and to precisely bargain managed healthcare contracts. Most of the benefits will be enjoyed by mangers and those serviced by the Medicare program which means the plan is cost effective and that none of the parties involved will be exploited. The major benefits include the following; managers will have a means of spotting and correcting problems in the practice for instance inaccurate coding, unfinished documentation process and unwarranted supplementary services (Hyman 2005); the APC system will provide a method of facilitating cost reduction, comparison of expenses, alleviate instances of payment delays and carry out financial evaluations like the profit and loss calculation and analyses; the financial manger will be in comfortable position when making measurement of there competitiveness, making comparisons of the services with other local or even the national standards; outpatient hospital financial administrator can be able to develop case mix or make other measurements of resources utilization based on the number of people serviced, such kind of information can de very beneficial in the evaluation of the managed healthcare contracts; and finally the execution of the proposed changes in the OPPS section of Medicare w ill enable easy and accurate predictability of the imbursement which means that the manager can authenticate the accurateness of the compensation received (Cleverley Cameron 2006). Conclusion The transition in the needs of the US citizens and the globalization process has led to the increased need to improve healthcare. It such efforts, the health care practitioners and providers can work together to provide services to the clients. The development of the Ambulatory payment system (APC’s) was intended to provide quality healthcare on fee for service terms because of the development of the information sector and free market situation. Furthermore APC’s are also aimed at transferring some of the monetary risk for the services offered to the outpatient from the federal government to specific hospitals that provide the services and in this way, it is cost effective to operate the program. This is considered an inducement to better performance which is economical, efficient and profitable References Cleverley W. O Cameron (2006). Essentials of Health Care Finance. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Hyman D (2005). Improving Healthcare. A Dose of Competition. A Report by the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice (July, 2004), with Various Supplementary Materials. Birkhauser. Medicare (1998). Prospective Payment System for Hospital Outpatient Services. Proposed Rules. Federal Register. Retrieved on 17th February 2009 from acess. opo. gov/su. docs/aces/aces140html United States Division of the Federal Register. (2005). Code of Federal Regulations. United States Federal Register Division. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration

So Long As

Describing Actions Using While, As, As/So Long As While and as are used to describe actions that occur at the same moment that something is in progress. While and as are sometimes confused with the preposition during. Both express the same idea, but the structures are different. While and as are time expressions and take a subject and verb. During is a preposition and is used with a noun or noun phrase. Take a look at the following examples to note the difference. Notice how the meaning remains the same in both structures: During We discussed the situation during lunch. (noun) They are going to visit the Empire State Building during their visit to New York (noun phrase). When / As We discussed the situation while we were eating lunch. (full adverb time clause with subject and verb) They are going to visit the Empire State Building as they visit New York. (full adverb time clause with subject and verb) Future: Use while or as to state something that occurs at the same moment that something else - the main focus of the sentence - important will occur. Time clause: present simple Main clause: future form Examples: Were going to speak about the modifications as you eat lunch.Shell work out the order details while we discuss what to do next. Present: Use while or as to express what always happens when something else important takes place. This use of while and as is not as common as the time expression when. Notice that the preposition during is often used in place of while or as to express the same idea. Time clause: present simple Main clause: present simple Examples: He usually has lunch while he takes a walk around the campus.Angela often takes notes as the meeting progresses. Past: While and as are used in the past to express an action that was occurring at the moment when something important happened. While and as are also used to express two actions that were happening at the same moment in the past. Time clause: past simple OR past continuous Main clause: past simple OR past continuous Examples: Doug was drying the dishes while we were watching TV.Peter took notes as we discussed the merger. During an Entire Period of Time As long as and so long as are similar in use to while and as. However, as / so long as is used for longer period of times, while when and as are used for more specific, shorter periods of time. As / so long as are also used to stress that something will happen, happens or happened over the entire period of time in an emphatic manner. Although examples are provided for ​the past, present and future, as long as and so long as are generally used with future forms. Notice the use of tenses: Future: Use so / as long as that something will not happen for the entire period of time expressed by the time clause with as / so long as. Time clause: present simple Main clause: future form Examples: I will never play golf as long as I live.She will never return so long as she breathes. Present: Use as / so long as to express that something happens or doesnt happen over the entire period of time that another event occurs. Time clause: present simple Main clause: present simple Examples: As long as he plays piano, I go for a walk.She visits with her month, so long as her husband has to take care of business in town. Past: Use as / so long as to describe an action that did or didnt occur over a longer period of time in the past. Time clause: past simple ï » ¿Main clause: past simple OR past continuous Examples: She didnt get any exercise as long as she was working 60 hours a week.Peter didnt enjoy his company so long as he was in the house.

Statement of purpose 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statement of purpose 2 - Essay Example I always desired to be of great help as well to the young people in the building of a good future they can be proud of and be a part in freeing them from ignorance therefore, from passion in criminal acts, helping them lead their skills and strengths to productivity rather than destruction. Being from Kuwait and mostly taught by my countrymen, I have discovered the advantages of being able to speak another language especially that which is used internationally, English. Speaking only one language limits a person’s opportunities like employment and continuing one’s studies overseas. This is a problem which abounds in our country because of the communication constraints to those who are not able to speak English fluently. The inability of a person to express himself well in an international language does not always mean the person is stupid or has nothing good to say. The thing is, most bright people meet the problem of effectively bringing their thoughts into a state whe re they are well understood. This situation usually brings some problems with it like the use of an ineffective English speaker’s ideas by others who are more apt to the use of the language. Such atrocities are among the reasons why I like to empower myself with the learning I can get from my post-graduate studies. I have been blessed to have acquired a good deal of information and training in verbal and written English communication skills as most of my professors have observed in the recommendation letters they provided me. However, I know there is still a wide room for me for improvement so that as an educator, I would like to let myself be further trained. This is the very reason why I would like to enroll at your prestigious school, the University of Sussex as I also know that this school is internationally recognized, providing a high quality of education. As an educator, I value the quality of education that I provide to my students so I also seek such education becaus e I believe I can never give what I do not have. I am currently teaching English at the Ministry of Education in Kuwait exclusively for boys and it is here that my passions have been inflamed again to affect the lives of such young minds, to learn another language and not be satisfied in their comfort zones. I now see myself in them when I was a student myself. My elementary and high school days have been quite easy because most of our teachers were our fellow countrymen. However, when I went to college, everything turned out to be all different in many aspects. First of all, I struggled with my English communication skills because most of our teachers are foreigners. I really had to work hard in improving my communication skills because I so much desired the education that would really lead me to the life that I like. Secondly, the school was bigger in area and number of students. This made me see what I have missed and those which I have been blessed with. One of the things that I observed was the superiority of my fellow students who are able to speak English fluently. I envied them and turned my envy to a passion for learning. The diversity of the educational backgrounds of college students opened my eyes to what I can achieve and what I can do to help other people succeed. I learned that education can do wonders to a person especially when one is able to speak in English fluently. With this, I have decided that I have to become a good example not just in words but in action as well.